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正确认识OAB//勘破假象 解析OAB//OAB诊治新进展//新一代的选择-- OAB的治疗新药
二、正确认识OAB
正常排尿周期//贮尿功能障碍
OAB定义 (ICS-2002):膀胱过度活动症(OAB)是一组常见症状,具有以下特征:尿急、伴有或不伴有急迫性尿失禁、通常伴随尿频和夜尿、无感染或其它明显病因;
ICS对OAB的解释:尿急:突然和强迫性的 排尿欲望,很难延迟;
急迫性尿失禁:尿液不自主的漏出,伴有尿急或出现尿急后立即发生;
尿频:患者的主诉通常为白天或夜间排尿过于频繁,日间排尿〉8次,每次排尿量<200ml;
夜尿:每夜>=1次醒来排尿的主诉;
尿急:是OAB症状的根本原因
三、女性OAB通常都伴随有压力性尿失禁
The impact of tension-free vaginal tape on overactive bladder symptoms in women with stress urinary incontinence: significance of detrusor overactivity.
Choe JH, Choo MS, Lee KS. J Urol. 2008 Nov;180(5):2259-60
OAB流行病学:
美国OAB患者超过3400万、欧洲研究数据显示40岁以上人群中OAB总患病率为16.6%、日本患有OAB的患者数据估记为810万、OAB影响大约16%-17%的成年人、患病率随年龄增加而升高;
NOBLE研究:OAB在男性和女性中患病率接近;OAB严重影响患者生活质量;
OAB with female sexual health
1: J Sex Med. 2007 May;4(3):656-66. Links
Overactive bladder and women's sexual health: what is the impact?
Coyne KS, Margolis MK, Jumadilova Z, Bavendam T, Mueller E, Rogers R.
United BioSource Corporation, Center for Health Outcomes Research, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA. karin.coyne@unitedbiosource.com
INTRODUCTION: Overactive bladder (OAB) is quite prevalent and significantly affects health-related quality of life and daily functioning. AIM: The impact of OAB on sexual health is currently not known. This qualitative study was conducted to gain a thorough understanding of OAB's impact. METHODS: Sexually active women with continent or incontinent OAB were recruited from urology and urogynecology clinics. Six focus groups of women (three continent and three incontinent) were conducted to assess the sexual health of women with OAB. Data were analyzed descriptively and qualitatively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Qualitative data, Sexual Quality of Life Questionnaire-Female, Overactive Bladder Questionnaire. RESULTS: Thirty-four women (11 continent; 23 incontinent) participated; mean age was 48.4 years; 76% were white, 67% postmenopausal, and 88% in a long-term relationship. Continent women reported more frequent sexual activity than incontinent women; 91% reported intercourse >or=1-3 times per month vs. 50% of incontinent women. Half of the incontinent women reported a reduction in sexual desire related to OAB, aging, and menopause. Over half of continent women experienced pain with intercourse, and the majority complained of having to interrupt intercourse to void. Although not all incontinent women reported incontinence during intercourse, the majority were embarrassed by their incontinence and OAB with resulting loss of self-image. Both continent and incontinent women reported difficulty achieving orgasm because of pain, fear of incontinence, or anxiety related to intercourse. Approximately a third of the women would not initiate discussion of sexual issues with their physicians, but all women expressed concern about the impact of OAB on their sexual life. CONCLUSION: Overactive bladder with or without incontinence negatively affects women's sexual health, reducing sexual desire and ability to achieve orgasm. Given the impact of OAB on sexual health, sexual health should be routinely assessed by clinicians and addressed by researchers.
PMID: 17498103 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE
Overactive bladder and women's sexual health: what is the impact?
Overactive bladder with or without incontinence negatively affects women's sexual health, reducing sexual desire and ability to achieve orgasm. Given the impact of OAB on sexual health, sexual health should be routinely assessed by clinicians and addressed by researchers.
J Sex Med. 2007 May;4(3):656-66
四、OAB引发的相关问题/疾病
睡眠中断/疲劳、尿路感染、会阴皮肤感染、摔倒和骨折、抑郁
五、关注OAB的重要意义
OAB是一种常见病,严重影响生活质量;公众对OAB疾病认知率很低,仅有15%的OAB患者寻求治疗,而其中仅有一半的患者能得到正确诊断与治疗。高的发病率与低诊断率形成鲜明对比,许多OAB患者默默忍受痛苦,很多医师与患者一样缺乏对OAB的正确认知,不能正确地的诊断和治疗OAB。
六、勘破假象 解析OAB
OAB的检查及诊断三步曲:筛选性检查:逐步确立诊断;选择性检查:可疑或伴有其它问题;伴有OAB症状的其它疾病的选择性检查:指导选择治疗;
七、OAB的筛选性检查
1、病史
典型症状:尿急、尿频、夜尿增多、尿失禁排尿日记评估
其他相关症状:排尿困难、性功能、排便状况
相关病史:泌尿及生殖系统疾病及治疗史;月经、生育、妇科疾病及治疗史;神经系统疾病及治疗史
2、体检
一般体格检查
特殊体格检查:泌尿及男性生殖系统、神经系统、女性生殖系统
3、实验室检查:尿常规、尿培养、血生化
4、泌尿外科特殊检查
尿流率
泌尿系统超声检查(包括残余尿测定)
病原学检查:对疑有泌尿或生殖系统感染者进行尿液/前列腺液/尿道分泌物的病原学检查
细胞学检查:对疑有尿路上皮肿瘤者进行尿液细胞学检查
KUB、IVU检查:怀疑泌尿系其他疾病
泌尿系内腔镜检查:怀疑泌尿系其他疾病
CT及核磁共振检查:怀疑泌尿系其他疾病
OAB的选择性检查
尿动力学检查:
指证:尿流率减低或残余尿多、首选治疗失败或出现尿潴留、在任何侵袭新治疗前、筛选检查发现小尿路功能障碍需进一步评估;
目的:进一步证实OAB、确定有无下尿路梗阻、评估逼尿肌功能;
八、OAB的诊断:
OAB症状的诊断是基于对症状的主观感受,OAB症状应与尿路感染或其它明显病状相区别、仔细询问患者病史(问诊),是医生诊断OAB时最重要的工具之一,尤其是关注患者既往进行的手术和其它致混淆因素(如合并用药或糖尿病)对于排除造成症状的其它原因非常重要;
九、OAB诊治新进展
OAB首选治疗:行为训练;药物治疗:一线药物:托特罗定、曲司氯胺、索利那新;其他可选药物;行为训练:盆底肌肉训练(kegel训练)、使尿道闭合压升高,伴随患者症状改善;轻度尿失禁患者,68%明显改善,重度尿失禁患者,13%明显改善(Elia G,Berghmans A,1993);盆底肌肉训练方法(kegel训练):做缩紧肛门阴道的动作、每次收紧不少于3秒后放松、连续做15-30分钟、每日进行2-3次,或每日做150-200次、6-8周为1个疗程、4-6周患者有改善、3个月明显效果;
OAB药物治疗:
M受体拮抗剂是OAB的首选治疗、OAB症状的缓解通过、抑制膀胱的非自主收缩、增加膀胱容量,副作用的发生会影响药物治疗。副作用主要为口干,胃肠反应(如便秘)及对中枢神经系统的影响
抗胆碱能药物
许多年以来,美国治疗OAB的主要措施有奥昔布宁、托特罗定、普鲁本辛、双环维林、莨菪碱。然而,最近几年以来,后三种药物已经基本不再应用,已经基本被一些更为有效的口服抗毒蕈碱剂取代,他们分别是达非那新、solifenacin和trospium。
托特罗定Tolterodine:托特罗定逐渐发展为专门用于OAB的治疗,托特罗定不是特异的M受体,副作用体现在口干、消化不良和泪液减少。适用于因膀胱过度兴奋引起的尿频、尿急或紧迫性尿失禁症状的治疗,初始的推荐剂量为每次 2mg ,每日二次
最近的研究评估了托特罗定对于OAB男性患者的作用。Abrams及其助手在一个221人的有膀胱出口梗阻的患者的人群进行了一项研究评估了托特罗定的安全性。 病人分别给予托特罗定(IR)和安慰剂。他们发现两组的最大尿流速和膀胱逼尿肌压力 没有明显差异。
J Sex Med. 2008 Dec;5(12):2880-5. Epub 2008 Sep 10. Links
Tolterodine immediate release improves sexual function in women with overactive bladder.
Hajebrahimi S, Azaripour A, Sadeghi-Bazargani H.
Urology Department, Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
INTRODUCTION: Quality of life studies indicate that overactive bladder (OAB) has a greater negative impact on everyday life than other serious conditions such as diabetes. The detrimental effect of OAB on female sexual health is more prominent than urinary incontinence. We know that tolterodine immediate release (IR) has a beneficial effect on urinary symptoms in OAB. AIM: To evaluate the impact of tolterodine IR on sexual function in patients with OAB. METHODS: A total of 30 sexually active women with OAB from 20 to 52 years were included. All patients filled out the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire (ICIQ) and the Arizona Sexual Experience Scale (ASEX) before treatment with tolterodine IR and at the end of each month of treatment until 3 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Expected outcomes were improvements in the ICIQ and ASEX total score. All ASEX items were expected to improve individually. These improvements indicate better sexual function after treatment. Results. The mean of the total ASEX score improved relative to baseline in the first (P<0.01), second (P<0.01), and third (P<0.01) follow-up. The mean of scores for sexual desire, arousal, vaginal lubrication, orgasm, and orgasm satisfaction improved significantly (P<0.01) with each follow-up. CONCLUSION: Tolterodine IR significantly improves sexual function of women with OAB. Improvement is seen in all domains of sexual function.
PMID: 18785896 [PubMed - in process
新一代的选择-- OAB的治疗新药
索利那新(卫喜康):索利那新的适应症:伴有急迫性尿失禁、尿急和尿频症状的膀胱
过度活动症;剂量与给药:索利那新的推荐剂量为5mg每天一次。如果患者对5mg剂量耐受良好,可增加至10mg每天一次 ,索利那新应整片吞下,不受进食影响;肾功能不全患者的剂量调整: 对于严重肾功能受损的患者,不推荐每天应用5mg以上的剂量。
索利那新三期临床汇总研究: 安全性
Efficacy of solifenacin in patients previously treated with tolterodine extended release 4 mg: results of a 12-week, multicenter, open-label, flexible-dose study.
Chancellor MB, Zinner N, Whitmore K, Kobashi K, Snyder JA, Siami P, Karram M, Laramée C, Capo' JP Jr, Seifeldin R, Forero-Schwanhaeuser S, Nandy I.
Department of Urology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan 48073, USA. michael.chancellor@beaumont.edu
OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the use of solifenacin in patients experiencing residual urgency symptoms during treatment with tolterodine extended release (ER) 4 mg for overactive bladder (OAB). METHODS: This was a 12-week, multicenter, openlabel, flexible-dose study of the efficacy, tolerability, and effects on health-related quality of life (HRQL) of solifenacin in patients aged >or=18 years who had symptoms of OAB for >or=3 months, had been treated with tolterodine ER 4 mg for >or=4 weeks, and wished to switch therapy because of a lack of sufficient subjective improvement in urgency. At baseline (before washout of tolterodine), patients had to have >or=3 urgency episodes/24 hours. After >or=14 days' washout of tolterodine, all patients received oral solifenacin 5 mg/d, with the option of a dose increase to 10 mg at weeks 4 and 8. On 3 consecutive days before the prewashout, postwashout (no drug treatment for OAB), and week 4, 8, and 12 visits (during and at the end of treatment with solifenacin), patients used a bladder diary to document daily symptoms of urgency, urge incontinence, frequency, nocturia, and nocturnal voids. Changes in these measures at study end were compared with prewashout and postwashout values. The Patient Perception of Bladder Condition (PPBC) and Overactive Bladder Questionnaire (OAB-q) were used to assess patient-reported outcomes at prewashout, postwashout, and week 12. Tolerability was evaluated based on the nature, frequency, and severity of observed or reported adverse events (AEs). RESULTS: Of 606 patients screened, 441 received study medication (mean [SD] age, 61.4 [13.8] years; 88.9% white; 88.2% female). Diary-documented urgency changed from a mean of 6.0 episodes/24 hours at prewashout to 2.6 episodes/24 hours at study end, a mean decrease of 3.4 episodes/24 hours (95% CI, -3.8 to -3.0; P < 0.001). The frequency of all other diary variables was also significantly reduced from prewashout to study end (P < 0.001). The mean PPBC score changed from 4.2 points at prewashout to 3.0 points at study end, a mean improvement of 1.2 points (95% CI, -1.3 to -1.1; P < 0.001). Changes in all OAB-q scales and domains (symptom bother, coping, concern, sleep, social interaction, and total HRQL) from prewashout and postwashout to study end were also statistically significant (P < 0.001). Treatment-emergent AEs were mainly mild or moderate (237/261 [90.8%]) and led to few discontinuations (16/441 [3.6%]). Treatment-emergent AEs included anticholinergic AEs such as dry mouth (77 [17.5%]), constipation (51 [11.6%]), and blurred vision (10 [2.3%]). CONCLUSIONS: Among these patients with residual urgency after treatment with tolterodine ER 4 mg, solifenacin was associated with significant improvements in urgency and other diary-documented symptoms of OAB. Patients receiving solifenacin also had significant improvements in HRQL and the perceived bother of OAB.
PMID: 19014833 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLIN
Clin Ther. 2008 Oct;30(10):1766-81
对尿急的作用:索利那新
对尿失禁的作用:索利那新
改善生活质量
索利那新在高效、安全控制OAB的同时,也显著改善患者的生活质量
多个临床研究显示索利那新可改善患者生理、心理、社交、睡眠等多个评价生活质量的指标 (King’s Health Questionnaire)
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